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Heliconius melpomene
The postman butterfly, common postman, or simply postman〔 (''Heliconius melpomene'') is one of the heliconiine butterflies found from Mexico to northern South America.〔(''Heliconius melpomene'' ), funet.fi〕 Several species in the genus have very similar markings and are difficult to distinguish.This is an example of mimicry.
== Description ==
The postman butterfly has large long wings with an orange stripe down each forewing. It is poisonous and has red patterns on its wings. They tend to look similar to the species ''Heliconius erato''. Two features found on the underside help to distinguish ''H. erato'' from ''H. melpomene''—''H. erato'' has four red dots where the wing attaches to the thorax while ''H. melpomene'' has three and the yellowish white stripe on the underside reaches the margin of the hindwing in ''H. erato'' but ends before reaching the margin in ''H. melpomene''.〔Henderson, C.L. (2009). ''Butterflies, Moths, and Other Invertebrates in Costa Rica.'' Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, p.47.〕
There are many morphs of this butterfly throughout Central and South America.〔Cuthill, J. H. and M. Charleston. (2012). Phylogenetic codivergence supports coevolution of mimetic Heliconius butterflies. ''Plos One'' 7:e36464.〕 The geographical variation in patterns has been studied using linkage mapping and it has been found that the patterns are associated with a small number of genetic loci called genomic "hotspots".〔Papa, R., A. Martin, and R. D. Reed. (2008). Genomic hotspots of adaptation in butterfly wing pattern evolution. ''Curr Opin Genet Dev'' 18:559-564.〕〔Sheppard PM, Turner JRG, Brown KS, Benson WW, Singer MC. (1985). Genetics and the evolution of Muellerian mimicry in ''Heliconius'' butterflies. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B)'' 308:433-613〕 Hotspot loci for color patterning have been found homologous between co-mimics ''H. erato'' and ''H. melpomene'', strengthening evidence for the parallel evolution between the two species, across morph patterns.〔Baxter, S. W., R. Papa, N. Chamberlain, S. J. Humphray, M. Joron, C. Morrison, R. H. ffrench-Constant, W. O. McMillan, and C. D. Jiggins. (2008). Convergent evolution in the genetic basis of Mullerian mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. ''Genetics'' 180:1567-1577.〕〔Counterman, B. A., F. Araujo-Perez, H. M. Hines, S. W. Baxter, C. M. Morrison, D. P. Lindstrom, R. Papa, L. Ferguson, M. Joron, R. H. Ffrench-Constant, C. P. Smith, D. M. Nielsen, R. Chen, C. D. Jiggins, R. D. Reed, G. Halder, J. Mallet, and W. O. McMillan (2010). Genomic Hotspots for Adaptation: The Population Genetics of Mullerian Mimicry in Heliconius erato. ''Plos Genetics'' 6.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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